Emperor Qin Shihuang's Mausoleum and the Terra-cotta Warriors and Horses Museum

Emperor Qin Shihuang (259-210B.C.) had Ying as his surname and Zheng as his given name. He name to the throne of the Qin at age 13, and took the helm of the state at age of 22. By 221 B.C., he had annexed the six rival principalities of Qi, Chu, Yan, Han, Zhao and Wei, and established the first feudal empire in China's history.

In the year 221 B.C., when he unified the whole country, Ying Zheng styled himself emperor. He named himself Shihuang Di, the first emperor in the hope that his later generations be the second, the third even the one hundredth and thousandth emperors in proper order to carry on the hereditary system. Since then, the supreme feudal rulers of China's dynasties had continued to call themselves Huang Di, the emperor.

After he had annexed the other six states, Emperor Qin Shihuang abolished the enfeoffment system and adopted the prefecture and county system. He standardized legal codes, written language, track, currencies, weights and measures. To protect against harassment by the Hun aristocrats. Emperor Qin Shihuang ordered the Great Wall be built. All these measures played an active role in eliminating the cause of the state of separation and division and strengthening the unification of the whole country as well as promotion the development of economy and culture. They had a great and deep influence upon China's 2,000 year old feudal society.

Emperor Qin Shihuang ordered the books of various schools burned except those of the Qin dynasty's history and culture, divination and medicines in an attempt to push his feudal autocracy in the ideological field. As a result, China's ancient classics had been devastated and destroy. Moreover, he once ordered 460 scholars be buried alive. Those events were later called in history “the burning of books and the burying

of Confucian scholars.”

Emperor Qin Shihuang, for his own pleasure, conscribed several hundred thousand convicts and went in for large-scale construction and had over seven hundred palaces built in the Guanzhong Plain. These palaces stretched several hundred li and he sought pleasure from one palace to the other. Often nobody knew where he ranging treasures inside the tomb, were enclosed alive.

Emperor Qin Shihuang's Mausoleum has not yet been excavated. What looks like inside could only be known when it is opened. However, the three pits of the terra-cotta warrior excavated outside the east gate of the outer enclosure of the necropolis can make one imagine how magnificent and luxurious the structure of Emperor Qin Shihuang's Mausoleum was.

No.1 Pit was stumbled upon in March 1974 when villagers of Xiyang Village of Yanzhai township, Lintong County, sank a well 1.5km east of the mausoleum. In 1976, No.2 and 3 Pits were found 20m north of No.1 Pit respectively after the drilling survey. The terra-cotta warriors and horses are arrayed according to the Qin dynasty battle formation, symbolizing the troops keeping vigil beside the mausoleum. This discovery aroused much interest both at home and abroad. In 1975, a museum, housing the site of No.1 and covering an area of 16,300 square meters was built with the permission of the State Council. The museum was formally opened to public on Oct.1, the National Day, 1979.

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秦始皇兵马俑陪葬坑，是世界最大的地下军事博物馆。俑坑布局合理，结构奇特，在深5米左右的坑底，每隔3米架起一道东西向的承重墙，兵马俑排列在墙间空档的过洞中。秦陵内共有3个兵马俑坑，呈品字形排列。秦始皇一号俑坑，呈长方形，东西长230米，南北宽62米，深约5米，总面积14260平方米，四面有斜坡门道。俑坑中最多的是武士俑，身高1.7米左右，最高的1.9米。陶马高1.5米左右，身长2米左右，战车与实用车的大小一样。人、马车和军阵是通过写实手法的艺术再现。秦俑大部分手执青铜兵器，有弓、弩、箭镞、铍、矛、戈、殳、剑、弯刀和钺。青铜兵器因经过防锈处理，埋在地下两千多年，至今仍然光亮锋利如新，它们是当时的实战武器，身穿甲片细密的铠甲，胸前有彩线挽成的结穗。军吏头戴长冠，数量比武将多。秦俑的脸型、胖瘦、表情和年龄有差异。统一六国之后实行全国征兵制，兵源来自全国各地，这恐怕是他们在脸型、表情、年龄上有差别的主要原因。工匠们用写实的艺术手法把它们表现得十分逼真，在这个庞大的秦俑群体中包容着许多显然不同的个体，使整个群体更显得活跃、真实、富有生气。纵观这千百个将士俑，其雕塑艺术成就完全达到了一种艺术美的高度。无论是千百个形神兼备的官兵形象，还是那一匹匹跃跃欲试的战马塑造都不是机械的模仿，而是着力显现它们“内在的生气、情感灵魂、风骨和精神”。绝大部分陶俑形象都充满了个性特征，显得逼真，自然而富有生气。俑坑发现种类齐全，数量空前的青铜兵器极大地丰富了秦兵器研究的领域，其中长铍，金钩等都是兵器考古史上的首次发现。兵器铸造的标准化工艺、兵器表面防腐处理技术的发现和研究填补了古代科技史研究的空白。而秦俑的设计者为了再现2000年前的秦军“奋击百万”气吞山河的磅礴气势，他们不仅仅在于追求单个陶俑的形体高大，而且是精心设计了一个由8000余件形体高大的俑群构成一组规模庞大的军阵体系。右侧为一个巨大的方阵，左前方为一个大型疏阵，左后方则是指挥部。那数千名手执兵器的武士，数百匹曳车的战马，一列列、一行行，构成规模宏伟、气势磅礴的阵容。有的头挽发髻，身穿战袍，足登短靴，手持弓弩，似为冲锋陷阵的锐士；有的免盔束发，身穿战袍，外披铠甲，手持弓弩，背负铜镞，似为机智善射的弓箭手；有的头戴软帽，穿袍着甲，足登方口浅履，手持长铍，似为短兵相接的甲士。还有身穿胡服，外着铠甲，头带软帽，足登短靴，一手牵马一手提弓的骑士；有头带长冠，两臂前伸，双手握髻，技术熟练的御手；有头戴长冠，穿战袍，着长甲，手执无钩的下级指挥官；有头戴鶡冠，身着彩色鱼鳞甲，双手扶剑，气度非凡的将军。这栩栩如生的千百个官兵形象，尤其在神态、个性的刻画方面，显得逼真、自然，而富有生气。如将军俑的形象：身材魁梧，身着双重短褐，外披彩色鱼鳞甲，头带双卷尾长冠，昂首挺胸，巍然伫立，有非凡的神态和威严的魅力。一般战士的神态：有的嘴唇努起胡角反卷，内心似聚结着怒气；有的立眉圆眼，眉间的肌肉拧成疙瘩，似有超人的大勇；有的浓眉大眼，阔口厚唇，性格憨厚纯朴；有的舒眉秀眼，头微低垂，性格文雅；有的侧目凝神，机警敏锐；有的昂首静思，有的低首若有所思，两者虽然得刻画一个“思”字，由于表现手法不同，前者给人的印象是气宇轩昂略带傲气，后者沉静文雅。秦俑表现的是古代军事题材，它既没有选择两方交战、将士厮杀的战争场面，也没有选择将士修整屯兵防守的场面。而是捕捉了将士披甲，直兵列阵地，严阵以待的临阵场面。尽管我在这个井然有序的静态军阵营，艺术家们在单个陶俑的雕塑上，还是力求“偶动与静之中”。使那一件件披甲之锐的武士俑昂眉张目，肃然伫立，神态坚定而勇敢，他们好似整装待发，又好似处于临战状态，还有那一件件驾车的御手俑，双臂前伸，紧握髻绳，目视前方，待命而发；那一匹匹曳车的陶马，两耳竖立，双目圆睁，张鼻嘶鸣，跃跃欲试；那一件件骑士俑，右手牵马，左手提弓，机警的立于马前，一旦令下，就将驰骋疆场。正是由这千百个充满生气、神态各异的陶俑构成整体静态的军阵地，达到了一种意想不到的艺术效果。“静极则生动，愈静则愈动”。惟有这种静态的军阵才能使人们感到军阵巨大威慑力的深浅莫测。这样恢宏的阵列，宏伟的构图，空前绝后，无与伦比。


Emperor Qin Shihuang's Mausoleum and the Terra-cotta Warriors and Horses Museum

Emperor Qin Shihuang (259-210B.C.) had Ying as his surname and Zheng as his given name. He name to the throne of the Qin at age 13, and took the helm of the state at age of 22. By 221 B.C., he had annexed the six rival principalities of Qi, Chu, Yan, Han, Zhao and Wei, and established the first feudal empire in China's history.

In the year 221 B.C., when he unified the whole country, Ying Zheng styled himself emperor. He named himself Shihuang Di, the first emperor in the hope that his later generations be the second, the third even the one hundredth and thousandth emperors in proper order to carry on the hereditary system. Since then, the supreme feudal rulers of China's dynasties had continued to call themselves Huang Di, the emperor.

After he had annexed the other six states, Emperor Qin Shihuang abolished the enfeoffment system and adopted the prefecture and county system. He standardized legal codes, written language, track, currencies, weights and measures. To protect against harassment by the Hun aristocrats. Emperor Qin Shihuang ordered the Great Wall be built. All these measures played an active role in eliminating the cause of the state of separation and division and strengthening the unification of the whole country as well as promotion the development of economy and culture. They had a great and deep influence upon China's 2,000 year old feudal society.

Emperor Qin Shihuang ordered the books of various schools burned except those of the Qin dynasty's history and culture, divination and medicines in an attempt to push his feudal autocracy in the ideological field. As a result, China's ancient classics had been devastated and destroy. Moreover, he once ordered 460 scholars be buried alive. Those events were later called in history “the burning of books and the burying

of Confucian scholars.”

Emperor Qin Shihuang, for his own pleasure, conscribed several hundred thousand convicts and went in for large-scale construction and had over seven hundred palaces built in the Guanzhong Plain. These palaces stretched several hundred li and he sought pleasure from one palace to the other. Often nobody knew where he ranging treasures inside the tomb, were enclosed alive.

Emperor Qin Shihuang's Mausoleum has not yet been excavated. What looks like inside could only be known when it is opened. However, the three pits of the terra-cotta warrior excavated outside the east gate of the outer enclosure of the necropolis can make one imagine how magnificent and luxurious the structure of Emperor Qin Shihuang's Mausoleum was.

No.1 Pit was stumbled upon in March 1974 when villagers of Xiyang Village of Yanzhai township, Lintong County, sank a well 1.5km east of the mausoleum. In 1976, No.2 and 3 Pits were found 20m north of No.1 Pit respectively after the drilling survey. The terra-cotta warriors and horses are arrayed according to the Qin dynasty battle formation, symbolizing the troops keeping vigil beside the mausoleum. This discovery aroused much interest both at home and abroad. In 1975, a museum, housing the site of No.1 and covering an area of 16,300 square meters was built with the permission of the State Council. The museum was formally opened to public on Oct.1, the National Day, 1979

Emperor Qin Shihuang's Mausoleum and the Terra-cotta Warriors and Horses Museum

Emperor Qin Shihuang (259-210B.C.) had Ying as his surname and Zheng as his given name. He name to the throne of the Qin at age 13, and took the helm of the state at age of 22. By 221 B.C., he had annexed the six rival principalities of Qi, Chu, Yan, Han, Zhao and Wei, and established the first feudal empire in China's history.

In the year 221 B.C., when he unified the whole country, Ying Zheng styled himself emperor. He named himself Shihuang Di, the first emperor in the hope that his later generations be the second, the third even the one hundredth and thousandth emperors in proper order to carry on the hereditary system. Since then, the supreme feudal rulers of China's dynasties had continued to call themselves Huang Di, the emperor.

After he had annexed the other six states, Emperor Qin Shihuang abolished the enfeoffment system and adopted the prefecture and county system. He standardized legal codes, written language, track, currencies, weights and measures. To protect against harassment by the Hun aristocrats. Emperor Qin Shihuang ordered the Great Wall be built. All these measures played an active role in eliminating the cause of the state of separation and division and strengthening the unification of the whole country as well as promotion the development of economy and culture. They had a great and deep influence upon China's 2,000 year old feudal society.

Emperor Qin Shihuang ordered the books of various schools burned except those of the Qin dynasty's history and culture, divination and medicines in an attempt to push his feudal autocracy in the ideological field. As a result, China's ancient classics had been devastated and destroy. Moreover, he once ordered 460 scholars be buried alive. Those events were later called in history “the burning of books and the burying

of Confucian scholars.”

Emperor Qin Shihuang, for his own pleasure, conscribed several hundred thousand convicts and went in for large-scale construction and had over seven hundred palaces built in the Guanzhong Plain. These palaces stretched several hundred li and he sought pleasure from one palace to the other. Often nobody knew where he ranging treasures inside the tomb, were enclosed alive.

Emperor Qin Shihuang's Mausoleum has not yet been excavated. What looks like inside could only be known when it is opened. However, the three pits of the terra-cotta warrior excavated outside the east gate of the outer enclosure of the necropolis can make one imagine how magnificent and luxurious the structure of Emperor Qin Shihuang's Mausoleum was.

No.1 Pit was stumbled upon in March 1974 when villagers of Xiyang Village of Yanzhai township, Lintong County, sank a well 1.5km east of the mausoleum. In 1976, No.2 and 3 Pits were found 20m north of No.1 Pit respectively after the drilling survey. The terra-cotta warriors and horses are arrayed according to the Qin dynasty battle formation, symbolizing the troops keeping vigil beside the mausoleum. This discovery aroused much interest both at home and abroad. In 1975, a museum, housing the site of No.1 and covering an area of 16,300 square meters was built with the permission of the State Council. The museum was formally opened to public on Oct.1, the National Day, 1979.